How Can I Raise Capital to Fund My Invention

Raising capital to fund their invention is perhaps the toughest task that inventors have to be compelled to modify. They’d abundant rather pay their days rising their invention style and puzzling over new things to surprise the planet with than sit down and admit the cold, onerous numbers.

However, the reality is that almost all inventors are far away from being wealthy enough to be able to cope by themselves with all the invention method. At plan Design Studio, a concept selling company, our trained workers is ready to assist you out notice a positive answer to the question of raising capital to fund your invention.

Inventing a product is straightforward and fun, however developing the invention will be quite shuddery for many inventors. To create things worse, most of them don't have any plan the least bit of a way to write a business arrange, what Associate in nursing angel capitalist is or perhaps what proportion cash they really need.

Funding Your Invention: What prices ought to Be Considered?

A basic side of raising capital for your invention knows what proportion cash you would like. So as to arrive to a lot of or less correct quantity, there are completely different prices that you just ought to take into thought.

Amongst the foremost vital prices that nearly each creator can incur in we are able to mention:

Engineering and CAD style

epitome building (physical, virtual or both)

producing prices

Packaging

Patent filings

General assessment throughout the invention method

Most inventors borrow cash from family and friends so as to develop their invention and find the business going. In fact, most of the entrepreneurs that create it into the duvet of Forbes or Fortune typically say that they owe their success to their friends and family WHO trustworthy in them and inspired them each showing emotion and economically to pursue their dreams.

However, not each creator has family or friends with cash to spare Associate in nursing beggary for cash for an invention that you just don't even understand if it'll achieve success or not will be quite embarrassing. Do you have to quit all hope then? After all not!

Writing down the Numbers for Funding Your Invention

Now that you just understand the items you may have to be compelled to invest in if you would like to develop your invention, you ought to begin requesting budgets. Rummage around for CAD sty leers and raise them what proportion cash they'd charge you for providing you with a 3D CAD design of your invention sketches. Attempt to notice someone which will build a epitome of your invention, contact completely different patent lawyers to assess what proportion they'd charge you for serving to you out filing the patents then on.

Looking at the cold numbers can assist you see black over white the capital you ought to raise for your invention?

This is an important piece of data because it can permit you to visualize {how abundant what proportion what quantity} cash you'll be able to raise by yourself and the way much cash you would like to borrow.
Write A Business Plan: The Key to Attracting Investors to Your Invention

Writing a business arrange is that the key to attracting investors to your invention. It demonstrates that you just ar serious concerning your project. certify you embody your profile as Associate in Nursing creator, the other invention you've got developed within the past and each vital detail concerning the invention you would like to develop: what it will, why it's helpful, WHO is it aimed for then on.

If you haven’t written a business arrange before, don't doubt to contact the workers at plan style Studio to assist you.

If you would like to borrow cash from skilled lenders, the thanks to go is to contact venture capitals or angel investors. The previous are organized teams that lend cash to entrepreneurs which are willing to assist you out together with your invention. Whether you choose to borrow cash for your invention from angel investors or venture capitals, you ought to be able to return up with a reimbursement arrange.

Financing Options for Small Business

Whether you’re beginning little business or you’re within the thick of it and wish a money boost, there’s over a way to induce your finance secured. The primary possibility is commonly the best and most overlooked: Asking your friends, family and darling ones to finance you. Individuals are usually told to not bring cash between friends; however with the correct legal work and understanding, it will work. Various startups had a minimum of some working capital from individuals they in person knew. However, before reaching resolute individuals you recognize, it’s vital for business homeowners to perforate their own pockets. If you don’t believe your business enough to fund it, why ought to anyone else? This doesn’t mean you would like to avoid wasting and suffer to fund the business or project only by yourself—that would be not possible for several. When you’ve broached into your own savings accounts and given displays to friends and family, currently it’s time to induce started with some extra finance choices.

Finding Your Right work

Not each finance possibility goes to be the correct suitable each business, however a grant are some things that suits everybody. There are various accessible, and it'll take some analysis, however begin with grants accessible via the little Business Administration (SBA). There’s a chapter in each major town. It’s fully free cash, provides nice leverage, however they’re typically extremely competitive. It’s time to begin dusting off that business arrange and change it.

Debt finance via a institution like your bank is one amongst the roads most traveled on the way to little business management. The income of your little business, potential to liquidate your assets, business arrange, collateral and private credit profile can all be thought-about. You don’t have to be compelled to quit any equity, however you’ll even be paying interest and during a worst case situation would possibly lose your personal collateral (like a home or car)—but this may solely happen if you don’t follow through on payments.

Other choices

Equity finance is additionally a really in style route, particularly for business homeowners WHO (for no matter reason) don’t qualify for debt finance. Equity finance would possibly return from a private capitalist or another institutional capitalist, and therefore the trade-off is Associate in nursing equity possession stake within the company. Anyone from your relation to angel investors (people with a high internet worth) and venture capitalists will interact in equity finance. It’s quick and contains“no strings attached” attractiveness, however it’s additionally a 1 time solely sort of deal.

Another sort of capitalist to think about may be a strategic capitalist that additionally provide equity finance. However, they’re already heavily concerned in your trade and see this investment as a good thanks to boost their own business goals. This may be a win-win, or they may have ulterior motives and probably destroy your business. whereas they'll boost your name within the trade, it’s an enormous risk as a result of they may be whole self-seeking and stop you from operating with their competitors—you’ll would like a professional person to handle these financiers.

Which One is for You?

Small business homeowners ought to shield themselves, their business and their investors the least bit times. the simplest thanks to do that is to own a professional person on your aspect WHO will translate all the legal mumbo large of contracts for you. Some investors and money establishments are merely aiming to be savvier than business owners—they’ve been doing these lots longer. Avoid entering into the “wrong bed” before you’re even tempted, and certify the law is on your aspect.

A Financial Planning Necessity: Creating a personal budget

As the backbone of any wealth or money coming up with strategy, the private budget is that the commencement towards guaranteeing your future is free from debt and doubt once it involves having the money resources to fancy your retirement. The sooner you start to set up your money future, the brighter it'll be.

With inflation of the Singapore dollar poignant the long run worth of your Central Provident Fund (CPF) contributions, your CPF account is also price but you're thinking that. That’s why it's necessary to put your savings bucks in investments that may hedge against inflation. Finding that additional investment financial gain is as straightforward as making a private budget.

Determine your financial gain

First; you want to undergo your financial gain documents, bank statements, bills, current investments or associate file that indicates either an expense or supply of financial gain, separating them into 2 piles.
Once you have got separated documents, undergo each supply of financial gain and calculate information superhighway financial gain, or quantity once taxes. This quantity are your baseline financial gain that be accustomed calculate your budget.

Calculate your expenditures

Next, undergo your expense documents and separate these into fastened and variable expenditures. Fastened expenses embrace your monthly rent or mortgage, utilities, automotive payment, insurance and MasterCard payments.

Variable expenses are little harder to calculate, as they embrace your monthly expenditures on diversion, food and fuel. However, if you're unsure what proportion to calculate, employ your monthly statement to induce a decent plan of what proportion you pay per month on variable prices.

Crunch the numbers

If your total expenditures is under your baseline financial gain, you’re on the correct path as a result of this implies you have got financial gain which will be instantly endowed towards your money coming up with goals. This financial gain can even be accustomed shrink any outstanding debt during a quicker quantity of your time that truly will increase the quantity you'll invest each month.

If your expenditure is beyond your financial gain, it's time to judge your variable expenses to either build cuts or additional economical decisions. If you pay S$100 monthly at the cinema, you'll either cut this activity out of your monthly expenses or just rent movies at a fraction of the value.

You can even voluntarily cut your variable expenses to extend the quantity of cash going into interest-hedging investments despite your money state of affairs. You’ll impart yourself for it within the future if you ever run into a medical, career or emergency state of affairs that needs additional money resources.

Monitor your progress monthly as a region of palm money coming up with, keeping a watch on the progress of your savings and expenditure is an element of staying on the correct path to an improved wealth-building future. Of course, the instance used on top of is for the typical young adult World Health Organization is setting out to contemplate their money future. If your portfolio is in depth and you need skilled help, utilizing the services of licensed money Planner (CFP) is that the best route to require. CFPs endure an intensive coaching method in managing money and wealth coming up with for purchasers that's offered by money views, the nation’s solely institute giving CFP certification.

Various Sources of Personal Finance Investment

Every person needs to avoid wasting some cash and there square measure several choices on the market for investment. Personal finance investments one among them and their square measure some ways to try to personal savings. Savings checking account is one among the foremost common method it offers around 4%-5% interest that is simply marginally smart.

Bank account square measure simple to open, there's terribly stripped-down fees needed to open a saving account with any bank. Nearly each bank offers same interest.
Another smart plan for private finance investment is market fund it’s AN investment in mutual funds for terribly short term fastened deposits. They’re directed towards your capital and increasing your returns.

Market funds sometimes provide smart results than savings accounts. {They square measure they’re} lesser than fastened deposits with banks however are smart as a result of the supply you flexibility.
Fixed Deposits in Bank is another personal finance investment method. That’s offered for the minimum amount of thirty days although ideal time for fastened deposits is half-dozen months to twelve months. Banks offer smart rate of around 11th of September on all FD’s though it’s less than market fund returns.

If we have a tendency to square measure talking concerning investments however {we can we willowed square measure able to} ignore post workplace savings schemes it’s terribly ideal for folks that are probing for monthly investment arrange. It’s less risky than the other personal finance investment ways and there's no tax subtracted at supply therefore it’s the simplest appropriate supply for several of you.

We all detected concerning PPF (Public Provident Fund) that's terribly enticing supply of investment. Few advantages on the market here they offer square measure around St Martin's Day post return and pre-tax rate of fifteen.7% by presumptuous a charge per unit of half-hour.

You get tax rebate of two hundredth of the quantity of investment with PPF from your liabilities of the year. Terribly low risk is involves as this is often government theme for investment.

The major downside here you'll withdraw your investment solely once seven years and then it provides poor liquidity. Though some loan choices square measure open from the beginning of the investment itself and you'll use them if needed.

All of those personal finance investment choices square measure to avoid wasting cash for future or to induce liabilities. Is also obtaining smart interest on the capital is another advantage for several folks. All of the choices mentioned on top of have low risk and you'll invest any quantity for the beginning.

Growing as financial professional- The importance of training

In the monetary coming up with trade, staying prior to the sport suggests that regularly coaching to be the simplest at your profession. Similar to athletes systematically train to take care of and improve their performance, monetary professionals should do identical to enhance their monetary data and ability.

Train to remain adept

The only constant within the monetary coming up with trade is that there'll be modification. Staying up-to-date with the newest monetary policies and knowledge ensures that you just not solely have the data to serve shoppers higher; however you've got the capability to extend your client-base in addition. This is often as a result of a trusty and knowledgeable monetary planner can ne'er have hassle meeting shoppers desirous to improve their economic outlook.

Train to beat tomorrow’s challenges

Mastering a specific ability or approach may be a nice accomplishment, however if you're unwilling to “upgrade” your skills, you run the chance of being “outdated” once those perfect skills square measure replaced by simpler approaches. similar to animals have to be compelled to adapt to the ever-changing setting to survive, identical is true of economic coming up with professionals in today’s business world. Besides, if you don’t regularly train and improve your existing skills, you'll be able to simply become self-satisfied or uninterested in your work, which might result in career stagnation.

Train your subordinates

As a monetary coming up with skilled, managing a team will bring even larger skilled success. However, you would like to be willing to share your data and see subordinates as business multipliers rather than potential rivals. By sharing your experience and coaching them to figure at a better potency, everybody advantages. First, by coaching your employees to require on additional responsibility, you release longer to grow shopper relationships, attend advanced coaching, etc. Second, coaching ensures that you just will advance to a better position as a result of in essence, you’re coaching a capable successor to require over for you. Third, coaching keeps your subordinates actuated and endowed in rising professionally as a result of they recognize you're dedicating it slow and energy to their development.

Training ensures success

Training takes motivation, in spite of the trade. What motivates monetary planners to attain success is that the need to serving to shoppers attains a brighter monetary future. rising your data with coaching courses and seminars permits you to serve your shoppers higher. If your shopper relationships square measure robust, likelihood is sensible that they're going to advocate you to others, increasing the demand (and fees) for your experience. Whether or not you're employed alone or in an exceedingly team; coaching offers tangible advantages that be measured with each happy shopper.

Master Bank Closed In Russia

Anxious customers gathered outside Master bank closed doors, millions of credit cards suddenly off the abrupt closure of Master Bank this week has plunged the Russians in the most traumatic of the post- Soviet period hours. The central bank withdrew the license of the Master bank Wednesday with immediate effect. The bank was established in 1992 and which has in its Board of Directors Igor Putin, the Russian president 's cousin . The regulator said that they have no other choice after finding the violation on money laundering “repeated violations" , the Ministry of the Interior evaluating the sums involved more than 45 million.

At first glance, Master Bank is the 70th Russian bank in terms of assets hence it may seems that it is a relatively small institution. But “this is the first time a bank with more than three million customers lost its license," he said at a press conference Oleg Ivanov, vice president of the Association of regional banks. And consequences for the general public were eye souring, as Master Bank controls one third of the ATM network in Russia and ranks fifth in terms of total credit cards in circulation. Suddenly, millions of Russians were left without access to their account. Others who thought they had no connection with Master Bank, have seen their credit card stop working all of a sudden and the bank offered its services data processing 200 other small establishments.

Numerous shops, hotels, restaurants, as well as the liberal political party Yabloko were using his credit card to pay the salaries of their employees, who find themselves stranded. Notable difference resounding bank failures of the 1990s, most customers should recover much of their funds: Since 2004, the deposits are insured up to 700,000 rubles (15,700 Euros). Beyond this threshold, the holders have priority to be compensated at the end of the bankruptcy proceedings. The news has had a considerable impact in Russia, where a portion of the population keeps the painful memory of flights in bank failures, especially during the 1998 financial crisis economies, and is suspicious with respect to banks.

Can Structural reforms help Europe!

The introduction of the single currency has allowed the accumulation of deep macro economic imbalances within the Euro area. Some member countries have generated current account surpluses, while others dug large current account deficits. These imbalances are explained in the loss of competitiveness "peripheral" countries: their real exchange rate has appreciated by 6-15 % compared to few others between 2001 and 2009. These losses of competitiveness explain themselves in part by strong price increases observed in the markets of non-tradable goods, particularly in the property sector. When imbalances are settled violently in 2009, the periphery has shifted into a severe recession and public debt is soaring mechanically. During an economic crisis, each member country of the Euro area can not vary its exchange rate to stimulate activity.

 Therefore, the peripheral countries have sought to simulate a devaluation of the exchange rate. For this, they have implemented structural reforms aimed at increasing competition in the labor markets and products. These include reducing the one hand, the monopoly power of firms and, on the other hand, the bargaining power of workers. In this way, the reforms allow favorable price drops and in purchasing power, prevent excessive wage increases, stimulate entrepreneurship, job creation, etc. Adopting structural reforms, peripheral in Euro area countries hope to regain competitiveness and improve their current balance. In addition, as the reforms are supposed to get agents to expect higher growth in the future, so encourage them to spend today, they should stimulate domestic demand. Structural reforms should they be provided in place when economies are in recession? When aggregate demand is insufficient or governments increase their spending directly to restore the level of aggregate demand , or the central bank eases monetary policy to stimulate private spending. If, in such a context, governments are forced to adopt austerity plans; that is in view of stabilizing the public debt and reassure markets about the sustainability of public debt, then the drop demand accelerates.

However, if the shock is particularly violent, a central bank may not be able to sufficiently lower its key rate to bring the economy to full employment and prevent the onset of deflation. Anticipating a further decline in prices and wages, private agents have an incentive to postpone spending in time, which leads firms to lower new prices and wages. Deflation is also reflected by an increase in real interest rates, which increases the burden of debt. Households and businesses are then no incentive to borrow, but rather to deleverage, which depresses the purchase of new durable goods.

In this case, households are encouraged to reduce their expenses if they anticipate a deterioration of employment protection in times of mass unemployment. Structural reforms cannot be implemented in a recession if governments and central banks are able to offset the impact on aggregate demand. Otherwise, they feed the contraction. Far from building trust and encourage investment, reforms may maintain pessimism and savings behavior. Therefore, they also degrade the potential growth by maintaining long-term unemployment and disincentive for companies to invest.

Iran-Pakistan pipeline unviable

While Pakistan has asked Iran for 2 billion dollars to fund its own portion of a pipeline could not be more strategic , ignoring the U.S. sanctions , a recent report now lets hear the Iran Pakistan pipeline would not viable in the state , saying that a review of the conditions necessary. The report by the Institute of Sustainable Development Policy Institute (SDPI ) on the pipeline - report " Rethinking the energy equation of Pakistan" - and says that since the price of purchased gas for the project is linked to prices of crude oil, the country is in this case openly ignoring the dynamics of the energy sector and the development process cost.

The Institute explains and insisting the most unfortunate side of this situation. Since that the United States now paved the way for the implementation of the pipeline project through a softening of sanctions against Iran, the new report says the gas supply agreement should be renegotiated, including on tariff part, otherwise deal a fatal blow to the country's economy. According to calculations made by the authors of the report, in the present state of things, the Iran- Pakistan pipeline should not be allowed to resolve energy problems of Pakistan and rather equivalent to a bailout. The reporters urged Islamabad to renegotiate the import of natural gas earlier price.

As a reminder, Pakistan has a production capacity of 24 000 MW combined electricity, but cannot currently reach this level because of natural gas supply problem. The country is indeed currently facing a decline in natural gas production, a problem even more crucial that domestic demand has more than doubled. To address this shortage, service stations selling compressed natural gas (CNG), low-cost fuel used by taxis, buses, motorcycles and motorists of the middle class will be closing soon. The quantity thus saved should serve the demand for home heating during the winter.

At present, Pakistan limited already open pumps few days a week, causing long queues and irritation of the population movements. Under the terms of an agreement in 2013 with Iran, Pakistan should import term in 2014, 21.5 million cubic meters of gas per day from its neighbor Iran, all on for 20 years, and can be extendable to additional 5 years. Note that the pipeline - including the cost of construction is estimated at $ 7.5 billion - about 1,800 km which connect Iran's South Pars gas field - located offshore - and Nawabchah, north of Karachi, Pakistan's economic hub.

The Iranian public television Irib said in March that the construction of 900 km of the Iranian part of the pipeline was completed; adding that 780 km through Pakistani territory remained to be built. At that time, Iran had agreed to pay $ 500 million to Islamabad, one third of the estimated cost of the Pakistani portion. But Pakistan is currently facing financial problems in order to continue the construction of the particular section.

The case could take a significant extent in the coming months; Islamabad may be required to pay compensation to Tehran if Pakistan fails to complete by December 2014 part of the pipeline where it belongs, Pakistan has to pay one million dollars per day of delay. Tending the boom in Tehran, the Pakistani minister however said in early October that the time could be met if Iran had a hand in the portfolio. However, suggesting that the precious goods subsidies should be promptly put on the table quickly in order to ensure the availability of technical equipment necessary to complete the pipeline.

 At present, nearly 50 % of Pakistan's needs are met by natural gas; analysts also believe that the country should look forward to more innovative options, not just the use of energy sources non- conventional and alternative. The report regrets that the country has not taken any substantial degree to initiate the process to take advantage of the potential of shale gas.

Urging Pakistan to follow the example of India to maintain high economic growth. Regarding the issue of sanctions against Iran, it has recently been raised by the Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif , during his meeting with President Obama , but the authorities do not confirm or refute a possible softening of the position United States on the issue . Recall that the project, which emerged in the 1990s, has long been delayed, mainly because of pressure from the United States on Pakistan and India, which was initially involved in the IPI project (Iran - Pakistan - India).

 For a decade now, the United States has tried to link the file to the sanctions against the nuclear program of Iran, warning against the risks of the same order that could lead to a possible participation. Faced with these pressures, New Delhi withdrew from the project in 2009, arguing that the financial and security problems.

China Now Issues Bonds In Euros

Here is hot news that should displease the United States and more to the Fed (U.S. Federal Reserve) and Janet Yellen, its new boss. The China is now on the market for Euro-denominated bonds. The dollar God has longer to behave them. In late September, the oil giant China National Offshore Oil Corporation (CNOOC) has raised € 500 million within a short span of seven years and closely followed by their competitor Sinopec, with 550 million Euros in the same period.

 Experts believe that it is too early to identify a trend in the bond market; the trend is expected to grow according to them. They expect indeed that, in order to diversify their sources of funding Chinese groups continue to try to issue in Euros, and especially the Chinese domestic market does not seem big enough to meet its needs. Encouraging data, the two programs have met with strong demand; some even consider it quite exceptional.

The issue of Sinopec will thus attract a total of 279 investors demand to € 3.3 billion. Another factor to consider: the U.S. fiscal crisis will have prompted investors to turn to the European markets, while Old Europe can regain its appeal as a safe haven. Since the end of 2010, Chinese companies have flooded the credit markets with a dramatic speed.

In the space of a few years or a few months, China has become the first issuer of bonds in foreign currency, surpassing Korea with an average of $ 25 billion. According to Yves Jacob; in 2010, China raised less than $ 5 billion per year, which is an insignificant amount across international markets. For 2013, expects that will up about $ 100 billion. The current context of liberalization of the Chinese economy to alleviate the exchange control system will also gradually open the door to Chinese companies for a program on international markets while now offering the ability to repatriate funds in China.

 Element which should accelerate the movement signed early October a currency swap agreement between the European Central Bank (ECB) and the People's Bank of China, for a period of three years, including facilitating business transactions. The agreement, called “swap “concern more than 350 billion Yuan, 45 billion Euros. What is the third largest amount behind Hong Kong (400 billion Yuan) and South Korea (360 billion Yuan), largely below the agreement signed by the Bank of England (200 billion Yuan) in Paris. Through this agreement, banks in the Euro zone may obtain Yuan in exchange for Euro, China could in turn receive Euros in exchange for Yuan.

Wall Street and the budget debate!

With perplexity but without panicking, the Wall Street brokers watching the budget negotiations and debt embroiled in Washington and expect an output of impending crisis to be able to look calmly on corporate earnings. Over the past five sessions, the Dow Jones Industrial Average, featured together 30 values NYSE index dropped 1.22% to close at 15,072.58 points. The Nasdaq, dominated by technology, and is slightly advanced 0.69% to 3807.75 point. The week was “surprising “to the New York Stock Exchange, said an Economist.

The indices are mounted on the first day of the budget deadlock, when hundreds of thousands of American officials have been on leave without pay due to lack of agreement on the budget to Congress. They fell Wednesday and Thursday “while walking away the possibility of a resolution close to the crisis," before resuming the force Friday. "Investors do not want to commit, neither too bet down to not miss the relief rally that will surely come when an agreement will be reached , nor of course too early to bet on good news ," he says. "If the situation is the same at the end of next week , then the indices, which have already lost 4% since the highs of mid-September, could lose it again as " the expert predicted . " But if there is a sense that things are moving, we can regain these losses. "

 But beyond the economic impact of the paralysis of government services, investors see approaching at high speed the maturity of the debt ceiling that is after October 17, the U.S. Treasury will not be able to honor its payments. "Until now investors keep their calm, saying that one side will end up making concessions , or that the Treasury still has some cards in reserve to avoid default," says Douglas Porter of BMO Capital Markets . Investors are not rushing to the options market to protect their positions.

 Even if the volatility has increased the portfolio managers did not make sudden changes of direction. Market players leave in a principle that politicians, even the most intransigent, “know they cannot play with the debt ceiling, it's much too dangerous." But, he laments, " you can always have a party completely loses control." Hoping that doomsday scenario does not materialize, investors will begin to look at the quarterly accounts of companies.

 Finally, even if monetary policy has been overshadowed in recent days against uncertainty over the country's budget, brokers pay particular attention to the dissemination Wednesday minutes of the last meeting of the U.S. central bank. The institution was then largely surprised investors by maintaining the status quo on its measures to support the economy.

Exchange Traded Funds and Securities Lending

What about the liquidity of these investment vehicles? In normal operation, market makers are constantly present to disseminate buyer and seller and act as counterparty investors. Their presence ensures the liquidity of the ETF, even if it is built on the underlying assets or not illiquid. This is where we must bear in mind another practice widespread market: securities lending. Securities lending are at two levels in the world of ETFs. First, the fund issuer may be required to pay the securities in the portfolio to improve profitability. This additional income can be used to reduce the tracking error, or simply return the funds. In this case it should be distributed to the investor again. Second, ETFs are exchange-traded, investors can sell short.


This possibility is heavily used by hedge funds because ETFs can speculate down on an entire index, avoiding the hassle of selling each individual underlying security. The speculator must borrow the security sold short during the holding period of the short position. On the stock market, the stock of available titles is limited, hence a strong demand in the bond market makes way more expensive to borrow, which discourages speculators. It is not the same on the ETF market and they can be created on demand, which allows borrowing amount and so building significant short positions.

This leads to a rather unlikely situation first, where some of the ETF amount of short positions is several times the number of shares actually outstanding! Many holders of ETF therefore hold shares actually "ghosts”, which were sold to them by a short seller, the latter saying that the shares can be created anyway when the time comes. If sellers orders flock to the ETF arbitrage trading seen above, which we have seen, are fully automated trigger.

Specialized intermediaries massive demand the return of the underlying securities of the issuer. But the issuer may either not hold at all, or have lent. He will not be able to deliver immediately, or not being able to deliver at all. However, there are provisions limiting the daily volume of refunds on the money, especially if short positions identified above a certain threshold.

In addition, an “Authorized Participant" must prove , when requesting a refund on the one hand , that it is "real" and not the result of a securities loan at any level of the chain. If such clauses may allow the fund to survive individually in a debacle, they are unlikely to calm the markets. Indeed, if investors are denied the ability to obtain repayment of the shares that they were sold as completely safe and liquid , it is more likely that the panic spreads to all ETF , then why not the underlying assets.

Exchange Traded Funds may be the next bubble! -1

Exchange Traded Funds currently experiencing rapid development in the United States, where they constitute more than half of the daily trading volume in the equity markets. The expansion of these instruments is less visible for the moment in Europe, because in U.S. where half of the market is held by individual investors where as in Atlantic the investors are mainly institutional investors are present in this class asset. Just may be feared that the development of the ETF market is currently powering the next financial meltdown? Recall that the ETF are the basis of funds, that is to say, collective investment vehicles such as UCITS, whose purpose is to replicate the performance of a market index, upward or downward, and whose shares are traded on the stock exchange just like stocks. They offer investors the opportunity to take a position, with management costs and tax costs reduced on a market index, including inaccessible or illiquid markets such as emerging markets, small caps, etc.

There are ETFs on all sectors of the market, and if a little unlikely sector is not yet covered today and in tomorrow it will emerge as new ETF. This is happening almost daily. We will soon invest in the segment of companies specializing in the balloon or tie pins, or companies based in anywhere. If there is no index representing the performance of the sector concerned, no problem, it creates the index and the ETF in stride. The phenomenon went beyond the stock market and extends to all asset classes, bonds (ETN Exchange Traded Notes), commodities (ETC Exchange Traded Commodities), futures, currencies (ETV Exchange Traded Vehicle) etc. The set is grouped under the term FTE, Exchange Traded Products. In short it is a beautiful alphabet soup simmering and is reminiscent of a previous recipe, the securitization (remember the ABS, MBS, RMBS, CMBS, CDO, etc), which had overflowed with some damage collateral for the past 5 years from now.

On the road there is nothing simpler than ETF investor buys an index, and as follows, upward or downward, the performance of the index being tracked. But precisely how this replication is obtained? There are two main methods: physical replication and synthetic replication. With physical replication, the issuer of the ETF actually holds the portfolio securities of the index being tracked. It calculates and communicates information two times: first, the net asset value equal to the valuation at market prices of assets held , divided by the number of shares issued and secondly the market price of the share , which comes from the comparison of buying and selling interests in exchange just like a stock. Both figures; net asset value and share price must be the same to a small margin near.

What will happen in case of divergence? These are specialized intermediaries (“authorized participants "), mandated by the fund issuer, which come into action. If the market value of the share exceeds the net asset value then the ETF is moving faster than the rise in the index, they will buy a basket of stocks in the index. This then delivers their new units; they can sell on the market, realizing a capital gain. Conversely, if the market price is below the net asset value of the fund, they will buy ETFs on the market and present it to again, which reimburses them by delivering the underlying assets. They can then sell these securities on the market and making a profit. These so-called arbitrage transactions are fully automated and have the effect of “realign " asset prices that were uncorrelated. It is the development of algorithmic trading has led to the development of ETFs.

 In case of synthetic replication, the issuer does not directly hold securities of the index, but other assets. It will then go to a specialized intermediary , typically a bank, to negotiate with him a "total return swap " the bank pays the issuer of the ETF 's performance index, while it reverse the performance of assets held in the portfolio. Physical replication is mainly practiced in the United States, where regulation severely limits the use of derivatives by collective investment funds. In Europe, ETFs are equally divided between the two modes of replication. We are mainly interested here in the physical replication, in which today we have a little more perspective. All this cooking takes place behind the scenes between specialized players (asset managers, hedge funds, brokers and banks financing and investment), thus preserving the image of simplicity and transparency between the final investor.

This should not, however, be fooled: many intermediaries are involved in constantly, and we must be aware that they do not by pure philanthropy, but because they have an interest. There was a second there the resemblance securitization market: the first beneficiaries of financial innovation are not the ultimate investors, but those who create and distribute these innovative instruments. That said, proponents point out that these ETF products are primarily funds, and so most of them are within the regulatory framework for the funds. These regulations, both in Europe in the United States, are very demanding especially in terms of transparency to investors . It is up to them to read the prospectus in which he will find, in principle, all the necessary information.

The Euro strengthened against the Dollar !

The Euro strengthened against the dollar late Friday trading in New York , in a fearful market increasingly a budget impasse in the United States and attentive to the speech of several officials of the U.S. central bank. The euro bought 1.3519 dollars against 1.3485 dollars on Thursday at the same time. The European single currency fell against the Japanese currency to 132.88 yen against 133.51 yen yesterday. The dollar also fell against the Japanese currency to 98.24 yen against 99.00 yen on Thursday. Before a crucial deadline in the United States to reach an agreement on the budget of the country, “the clock is ticking and investors get nervous," commented an Economist. " They accelerate their sales dollars , fearing more a closure ( non-essential ) government affects the quality of U.S. assets and hinders growth," the expert added , citing expectations that a partial closure utilities for two weeks would reduce economic growth " 0.3 to 0.5% ." Elected officials must agree to the Congress to ensure continuity of government services on 1 October. A text passed in the Senate Friday is still pressed by the House of Representatives before returning to the Senate for a final vote. You always hope that a last-minute agreement is possible, but this prospect darkens every moment while Congress keeps the dollar and the economy in hostage.

In addition, the market is still uncertain as to when that will choose the Fed to begin to slow its purchases of assets ($ 85 billion per month). It will be based largely on the level of unemployment to make such a decision, which could happen in October or December. Investors therefore waiting for the next monthly report on employment and unemployment situation in the United States, a major indicator to gauge the strength of the recovery in the world's largest economy which is scheduled for publication on October 4. Uncertainties on Friday were reinforced by new interventions leaders and voting members of the Fed, which accentuated the pressure on the dollar. Faced with such remarks, bond rates declined significantly during the session and bringing with them the greenback.

The current Fed policy has the effect of keeping rates low and dilutes the value of the dollar. Traders also scrutinized Italy where resurfaced fears of a new political crisis and trying to take face saving measures. Around 2100 GMT, the British pound rose against the euro at 83.76 pence per euro and climbed against the dollar at 1.6137 dollar per pound. The Swiss franc rose against the euro at 1.2244 Swiss francs to the euro and against the dollar to 0.9052 Swiss francs to the dollar. The ounce of gold finished at $ 1,321.50 at auction Thursday night against 1333 dollars. The Chinese currency finished at 6.1186 Yuan against one dollar for 6.1206 Yuan yesterday.

Understanding Realtor and Real Estate Agent Reviews!

Did you know that for the typical family the most important financial transaction they will make in their lives is buying or selling a home? Amazingly, when making this momentous decision they often do not seem to have any criteria for choosing the real estate agent or realtor who will handle this life changing transaction.

A smooth, trouble-free experience and positive outcome is desired by buyers and sellers. Finding the perfect house in their desired area at the right price and in the least amount of time describes what buyers want. A quick sale close to the listed price is what sellers want.

Key for a positive outcome for both buyers and sellers hinges upon choosing the right realtor or real estate agent.

HOW ONLINE REAL ESTATE AGENT AND REALTOR REVIEWS CAN INSURE A POSITIVE OUTCOME

Reviewing products, services, and professional performances online allows buyers and sellers to share their experiences in many transactions. Sharing both positive and negative experiences is tremendously helpful to people without experience. It is a painless way to make good choices.

ARE ALL WEB REVIEWS RELIABLE AND OF GOOD QUALITY

Unfortunately, online reviews can fail to be reliable. Some posts are actually false reviews. A very positive review can be posted by someone who benefits from that review: not a genuine buyer or seller. Secretly leaving a wonderful review for one's own services or company often happens. And, of course, false and malicious reviews can be left to the detriment of a rival realtor or agent.

WHAT METHODS CAN BE USED TO JUDGE REAL OR FALSE REVIEWS?

A clue is a completely glowing review minus a single negative or neutral comment. Hardly any real estate transaction with a realtor is totally positive. A real review notes one or two things that might have been done better.

A totally negative review posted by a rival company deters buyers going to a competitor. Again, this is a red flag that this review is not genuine.

A real review is honest and forthright, listing both positive and negative results. Actually, the review for the most part could be positive, but note some things that might have been better done.

An objective and helpful review is done by professional reviewers similar to one that might be found at a site like.

Using online reviews can be guides to good choices and decisions when viewed realistically.

Crowdfunding a best alternative to Banks?

The crowd funding begins to touch the world of Start -Up, as an alternative to banks and business funders. Crowd funding is in between barter and solidarity loan capitalism of yesteryear, crowd funding often have much fun and attractions but it is sometimes risky. Many projects that have or will emerge in part through crowd funding (literally financing by the crowd), also called crowd funding. The phenomenon is not new: In 1958, John Cassavetes was able to finance his first film “Shadows “with a call for funds to public through radio. This phenomenon is becoming increasingly important. And now there are more than thirty sites are assisting general public as the crowd funding investors. Few of them are Ulule , MyMajorCompany , Sandawe , KissKissBankBank , Loan Union HelloMerci , Babyloan SmartAngels , Wiseed , Anaxago etc.

 The crowd funding market raised already worth $ 2.5 billion in the United States alone. There are three types of crowd funding. First, there is the gift against gift, nothing but a barter system. Then there is the system of loans or micro-credit. Some are paid, others do not, and that is like solidarity loan. Finally there is the financing of a business project in exchange for shares. The gift system against donation is very common in the world of arts. Projects may be small or substantial. Micro-credit is also very concerned and developed projects in US and abroad, mostly in trade, agriculture etc. According to Ricordeau Vincent, one of the founders of Kiss Kiss BankBank , "the motivation is to give birth to a project without any other return on investment a return emotional . People seek social link, a contact based on sharing, empathy, and trust. It is completely selfless unlike a financial return on investment. "

 For some companies, it is an alternative to banks and business lenders. This is particularly the case of start-ups, with little equity in start-up phase. However, crowd funding sites do not replace the banks. They do not lend money and they do not handle client funds. They are in an intermediate step of advice and not through management. The client chooses his investment and invests himself live in society. The sites just forgive a direct link between investors and entrepreneurs. This is the online community that validates whether the project should be born or not. This is not a window that decides to grant money or not. The risk is real and greater than the stock markets which has the advantage of being more liquid and especially give a real-time indication of the value of its assets.

Capital loss may be total and the second risk is the liquidity, This is an investment you can make for an unlimited period than what you anticipated. So do not invest money that you think you need three to five years. But there is another side: a significant potential gain, as we arrive shortly after the creation of the company. And it's worth it to invest in companies earlier. Here the risk and the reward are fairly standard. Regarding the gift donation against the financial risk is limited because the average financial contribution of users is around 50 Euros. If successful, the trust is garnered monumental. The question of the output is still crucial because all companies are not intended to go on an exchange.

If ramping up its activity, the company may be acquired by a competitor where leaders may choose to redeem the shares of the minority. And the price and the valuation is a matter of negotiation between the parties. Often these issues are anticipated in the shareholders' agreements. Early outputs can also be provided, but the recommended investment period is about 3 to 5 years, to let the company time to create value. In the end, crowd funding today fills a void in the financial needs. It allows artists to project promoters, merchants to support their project to start. Internet also allows them to reach a larger number of donors, lenders or investors, but is by no means a guarantee of success. Crowd funding is still in its early stage. Hence the Crowd funding is a social network linking young companies seeking skills, people willing to integrate a project as a partner or as freelancer and helping each other by joining hands together.

Know more about Crowd funding!

Crowd funding is a technical project finance business start using the internet as a channel of linkage between project managers and those wishing to invest in these projects. Of course it is an ancient practice but currently it is the subject of a wide popularity due to its simplicity of operation and the difficulties faced by some designers to find financing for their small projects.

 How it works?

The investor who wants to invest some money in a good project at one end and the holder of a project who starts business but does not have the funds needed to start his business and does not want to call the bank credit at the other end. The both meet on the Internet via a dedicated platform. The projects are presented by their holders and investors choose to fund one that they like to live up to what they want to invest. The simple operation of this form of financing also has the advantage of transparency for the investor. Both knows what is funds and by which choice and by its values. Crowd funding is associated with all kinds of projects. Generally, cultural, digital projects, social, environmental, innovative are the few worth mention.

 Three types of inputs are available to investors:

The first type of investment is a small gift or donation that is given to the project but the remuneration of the investor has no financial consideration. The second type of investment is a participation in the equity of the company created. The remuneration of the investor is then by dividends or the gain realized on the sale of securities. The third type of a investment is a loan. Pouring loan interest may only be offered by credit institutions authorized by the Banks. Fundraising to make lending is strictly prohibited. Only collecting interest free loans is open to individuals. The money invested can be few dollars to several hundred. Banking and tax regulations is a source of significant stress for structures offering financing platforms that obey different rules : The detailed identification of the investor ( proof of identity and residence) is needed to controls against money laundering , anti- terrorism, etc.

Cont...

Crowdfunding

The crowdfunding is a practice that is becoming increasingly important in all sectors. The "Crowdfunding" means "crowd funding" is to highlight key projects on an online platform and collect donations from users to realize the project. To date, there are several online platforms that do crowdfunding. This device allows individuals to find projects that match their taste, nearby or across the world, in all areas that are, and contribute directly to their construction, thanks to their savings in the form of committed gift, loan, or capital. The problem is that more and more participatory sites come onto the market, and each has a different mode of operation. According to the funding model on which they are based, the consequences for individual investors are not the same.

Mymajorcompany is a crowdfunding online in 2007 platform provides an opportunity for people who want to fund a project to place their gifts on a project of an artistic nature of a fixed term of six months. The project manager makes his case online retailer counterparties repay it intends to users. At the end of the operation, if the project has raised enough money to see the date, individual donors perceive generally a share of profits from the commercialization of the project, "if it generates." This model then gives a close to a "micro business angel" to users who invest in the sustainability of the project status. Other platforms offer gifts to reward individuals who contribute to the financing of projects. If the amount set is reached, the project is funded and users receive a symbolic reward for their participation. The counterparty may be a book autographed a copy of the disc, a card or just a letter / email of thanks. The business model here is closer to the hardcore gift. It keeps the character "philanthropist" to donate to help and not to return on investment. The most popular sites are KissKissBankBank, Babeldoor are the few crowdfunding platforms works by financing through a loan. The user advances some funds to the project of their choice. Once the project is completed, the user is reimbursed up to his contribution. In this area, the most famous platform Babyloan.org lends without interest.

 There is currently no legislation governing trade and financial flows on crowdfunding platforms. The reason is that the amounts are not large enough to be controlled by law. However, crowdfunding involves several "soft" areas. In the case of a system based on micro-credit model, the platform must have approval by Authority, which is rarely the case. Then, any financial contribution by an individual to a project gives it the status of "associate" because its contribution is legally speaking a capital contribution to the project, which is never the case. Crowdfunding is basically a system that works through donations. The payments are considered donations, must be reported to the tax and to be taxed. The majority of individuals skip this step. If these sites are regularly used to give large sums of money, it is likely that the IRS is involved.

The Circular Economy

The Institute of circular economy was officially launched in Paris on February 6. The main objective of the principle of circular economy is interesting because it is based on the idea that "The waste of one person is another resources of others. This model, which involves a long-term vision, as well as the economy of resource management and environment, seems like a good track to emerge from the economic, social and environmental crisis in which we are stuck now. The Institute of circular economy is an alternative vision of the economy. The Institute is composed of national and local policy-makers, entrepreneurs, academics from different backgrounds and association leaders. The aim of this structure is to promote an alternative vision of the economy. It is chaired by François-Michel Lambert.

He starts from the premise that the linear economic system that is "extract, produce, consume and throw is out of breath. It is now widely recognized that economic model based on a strong dependence on raw materials are becoming scarce and more difficult to extract in one hand, and the development of consumer non-durables - which obsolescence is sometimes planned - on the other hand, impacts our environment in the broadest sense. This model impact the environment and the people who migrate are sometimes under heavy pollution. The circular economy is pragmatic, because the concepts of recycling and regeneration and alter-growth are the foundation of circular economy.

At the ideological level, extensive consumption, reduced product life cycles and the relocation of production are central to the debate. Usage and consumption are also redesigned, including the concept of ownership. The idea is not to share or collectives of the properties but to think in terms of "a well-differentiated uses." Example is taken from the washing machine: the advantage of being owned by such a machine is zero, but its usefulness is high. The circular economy is unifying as it aims to "unite and involve all stakeholders and experts in a collaborative approach by pooling resources to conduct collective thinking."

U.S. monetary policy brings down the Indian rupee?

The Indian currency has again reached a record low on Tuesday. Like other developing countries, it suffers including expectations of investors who expect a shift from the Fed. The Indian giant shuddered. With the collapse of its currency, returns the specter of a crisis it had known early in 1991. Prime Minister Manmohan Singh had himself risen, claiming that this new crisis was not of the same order. Moreover, the crisis of the rupee displays India is experiencing a slowdown - albeit relative - its growth. In this context, the question of advancing the general elections before the month of May 2014 was again discussed among the members of the Indian political class. How to explain this monetary crisis going to translate into political crisis? The Indian currency Monday reached its lowest level. On Tuesday, the dollar traded as against Rs 64.11 earlier in the day. The day before, she had gone through the floor dropping to 63.22 rupees to the dollar. More broadly, in two years, the country's currency has lost more than 40% of its value since July 2013. Main reasons given by most analysts: the fear of expected monetary tightening of U.S.

 The impact of a possible end of the buyback of bonds by the Fed is already being felt in the last two months. Capital hesitates between the United States and emerging countries. When the shift in U.S. monetary policy was announced, the capital flows are rerouted to the dollar. The Indian stock market actually costs, “there is still a month; the SENSEX index exceeded 20,000 points," points out the researcher. He thus lost 7% in three days, falling below 18,000 points before rising slightly at the close on Tuesday. In India the deficit of current account is the source of all problems. The deficit amounted to about 4.5 % of gross domestic product, according to a note from the Bureau of Economic Analysis of BNP Paribas. To this must be added a context of relatively slow growth. For the 2012-2013 year, India's central bank has lowered its growth estimate from 5.8% to 5.5%. Well below the 9 % increase in GDP experienced by the country during the previous years.


 In addition, “even in the field of foreign direct investment, we feel a hesitation. Whenever the election is tight, investors may worry about a shift," says economist Center Future Studies and International Information. Faced with this situation, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) would have little leeway. This is “very embarrassed because political control of the money supply can have a negative impact on growth and investment. It is therefore obliged to act in short strokes. The RBI has, for example tried to halt the decline of the rupee e.g. preventing imports of gold, limiting to $ 75,000 per year instead of 200,000 the amount that can leave the Indians in the country but also in controlling purchases estates abroad. India is not alone in feeling the effects of investor expectations about the U.S. monetary policy. Other emerging market currencies were also affected, such as the Brazil and Indonesia. Finally, more broadly, the crisis itself could amplify these phenomena. India has no role in driving the region since this has the effect of weakening the economy, there is however a risk of indirect contagion in other emerging countries, especially China.

Network Vulnerability Assessment

With advanced technology playing a very important role in our daily functions by way of the internet, it is essential to secure your network from any possibility of cyber attacks, or any other risk involved in the internet world. We have service providers who test the systems and applications and perform information security risk assessment on all security programs. A security assessment is conducted to ensure that the information system security controls are implemented correctly and functioning as per the desired level of security. They identify industry’s specific assessment business risk, with its economic impact of cyber attacks and the impact on the absence of any action. Through these analyses they are in a position to check the loop holes which create risk in the technology and help to build a tough security to protect the systems and application which they can rely on with satisfaction. Network Vulnerability Assessment is conducted to identify the weakness in the information system which can be misused. These providers deploy their team to the customer’s location and also provide training to them on industry best practices and render all the support needed.


Vulnerability assessment and security should be performed for all information system on regular schedules to safeguard from the risk of cyber crimes which are prevailing in the cyber world. Security threats are a continuous process which needs an ongoing vigilance network monitoring as well and audit processes which may be provided either with imbedded personnel or as an external service. As cyber security provider they offer customizable and comprehensive network suit on security services and technology. They provide current state of the art in network architecture, operating systems and protocols with the help of their experts on board which varies from traditional IT and telecom to SCADA and ICS networks. They are well versed in 1990 vintage computers controlling programs and logic controllers for assembly, legacy systems and operating systems Their team also have vast knowledge and experience on the application of NIST, BERC, CIP, ISA as well as NEI standards with regards to industrial control systems from SCADA and DCS to PLC and LAN WAN networks.

Record low for the Rupee, The Stock Market Collapses!

The IMF said Thursday that economic "vulnerability" of India had recently worsened, while refusing to "speculate" on the possibility of an application for financial assistance in the country. "The combination of large budget deficits and current account balance, the persistence of high inflation and dependence namely capital inflows are the old vulnerabilities that have increased" recently said Gerry Rice, spokesman for the international Monetary Fund. Faced with the prospect of a tightening of U.S. monetary policy, India has seen foreign capital flowing back, plunging the value of its currency against the dollar. On Wednesday, the rupee fell to a record low before recovering Thursday. According to Rice, the deterioration of the Indian economy "clearly affected market confidence" and is a "challenge" to the authorities. "This is also an opportunity for the Government to continue its political efforts on a number of fronts," he said at a press conference in Washington, without giving further details. Wednesday evening, the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) has announced it will provide dollars directly to oil companies, via a separate establishment, to calm the volatility in the foreign exchange market. Asked about a possible Indian request for financial assistance, IMF spokesman, however, declined "to speculate." India had appealed to the Fund in 1991 to deal with a crisis in its balance of payments, which measures including the influx of foreign capital.

The European Sovereign Debt Crisis!

The financial crisis of 2007 caused a wide deleveraging among private agents developed and pushed the savings rate to rise, tipping the global economy into recession. Governments and central banks then intervened to prevent the collapse of the banking system and relaxed their cyclical policies to restore aggregate demand. The economic slowdown and the reaction of the public authorities have widened sharply public deficits, even though levels of public debt in the developed countries were already considered excessively high. This further deterioration of public finances has raised serious concerns about the ability of states to maintain their debt on a sustainable path. This is especially the countries of the euro zone that have crystallized concerns. Greece between the budget crisis in autumn 2009, and the sovereign bond yields rise sharply in Spain, Italy and Portugal in late 2010. Thus, interest rates, which had been a convergence in the past ten years with the European integration, begin to diverge, market making clear the distinction between state-member groups: on the one hand, those the "periphery" undergoing unsustainable increase in sovereign risk and on the other, those "core" that benefit from historically low interest rates. Countries experiencing the strongest market turmoil in sovereign debt have increased the fiscal austerity measures to restore confidence and reduce sovereign spreads.

 Other Member States have also adopted fiscal consolidation efforts to contain the contagion and prevent their own solvency are in doubt. In some countries, the change in sovereign risk premiums can however hardly be explained by changes in economic. If the debt and the deficit actually reached unsustainable levels in Greece, the fiscal situation in other countries threatened by the debt crisis was not more disastrous than that of the United States or the United Kingdom. In 2009, Spain respected the main Maastricht criteria for fiscal policy, since its public debt represented less than 60% of GDP. Italy certainly requires a budget adjustment to service its debt, but it should make the effort appeared modest as interest rates remained at a low level. Several authors have developed the idea that the sovereign debt crises, particularly the European countries could result from self-fulfilling expectations. In other words, the sustainability of public debt does not only depend on fundamentals (including the amount of the debt, the primary balance, etc. When investors fear for one reason or another the state has difficulties to cope with the burden of debt, they divest their sovereign bonds. These sales push interest rates higher and then the government could more be able to refinance its debt other than prohibitive rates. The liquidity crisis can then quickly degenerate into a solvency crisis. Indeed, the states will try to consolidate their public finances to restore market confidence. If the economy were initially in recession, austerity measures further depress activity, so they are likely to lead to a further increase in the debt to GDP ratio. With rising interest rates and contraction, states are finally forced to default on their debt. Thus, a State may become insolvent simply because investors fear default. They act indeed in such a way that the probability of default rises, even if their concerns were initially unfounded. If it happens, the default validates initial fears: expectations are proven "self-fulfilling." Ultimately, public debt is sustainable as creditors consider it as such. The economic literature formalizes this idea by emphasizing the existence of multiple equilibrium. These are particularly unstable in the presence of self-fulfilling expectations: a simple reversal of expectations is likely to tip the economy a good balance bad. However, a State may in principle difficult to use the central bank to reduce the risk of a liquidity crisis.

 Therefore, the member countries of the euro area, in essence, a greater chance to experience a crisis of sovereign debt that countries into debt in their own currency, even if they have more degraded public finances. The member states of the monetary union can indeed rely on a central bank to provide liquidity if it is missing. As such, they share the same vulnerability to crises of sovereign debt that developing countries that emit denominated in a foreign currency usually the U.S. dollar debt. When a liquidity crisis occurs in a monetary union, countries that lose market confidence the peripheral euro area countries meet in a bad equilibrium characterized by high interest rates and capital flight, as investors seek safer investments in the world. These countries are then capable of falling into recession as the high interest rates encourage their government to implement austerity plans. Conversely, countries that retain the confidence of the bond the core countries are maintained in a good balance: they receive cash flows from the periphery. These inflows exert a downward pressure on their interest rates and thus stimulate the economy. They find that increases in risk premiums that were observed in 2010 and 2011 occurred independently of changes in the ratio of public debt to GDP. Greece, however, is an exception, since the increase in the spread on its debt actually due to the deterioration of public finances. By cons, countries that do not belong to a currency area and that borrow in their own currency appear immunized against liquidity crises. They have indeed crossed the Great Recession without knowing a significant increase in their spread, even though some of them had ratios of public debt to GDP higher than in the euro area. .

So finally endorsing its role as lender of last resort to the States, the ECB seems to have managed to "break" the expectations and bring savings to a good balance. The announcement also seems to have been credible enough that the central bank did not have far to intervene in bond markets to stabilize interest rates. Since the crisis of sovereign debt in the euro zone is mainly due to the self-fulfilling expectations, the reaction of fiscal authorities appear absurd, dictated only by the emergency. The turmoil in the bond markets led all governments of the euro area to focus on fiscal consolidation at the expense of supporting the activity. While the public sector should continue spending to allow private agents to reduce debt, otherwise he immediately sought to consolidate its own balance sheet, which was subjected to powerful euro zone recessionary pressures.

Countries that have experienced the largest increases in spreads have implemented the most severe austerity measures. They then switched to a vicious spiral where the contraction and deterioration of the fiscal balance are mutually maintained. However, if there is a disconnection between risk premiums and the fundamentals, a policy aimed exclusively at improving fundamentals that is to reduce the burden of public debt may not be sufficient to contain the spread. The intervention of the ECB is against proved crucial in stabilizing the bond markets. Thus, not only the macroeconomic shock therapy that have inflicted the peripheral countries is very vain, but it has mostly contributed to the deterioration in public finances deteriorate the growth potential of their economies. However, economic growth is a key factor in the sustainability of public finances. The ECB intervention has certainly reduced the risk of self-fulfilling expectations, but the fundamentals are perhaps now sufficiently weakened that fears about the solvency of public finances are now justified.

Houston Gold Buyer

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Selling gold is not always an easy process. You have to find the right buyer who will pay you as close to market value as possible. When you go to HNEX.com, you will find that buyer without a lot of hassle.

Liquidity Trap

During the Great Recession, many central banks reduced their interest rates to historically low levels. However, the interest rate was good to be its zero point, it remained higher than the natural rate, that is to say, the nominal interest rate which closes the output gap and ensure price stability. However, once the zero lower bound is reached, the central bank may further cut its key interest rate, which exposes the economy to deflationary pressures and an increase in its unemployment rate. In such a situation called liquidity trap, where monetary policy is proving excessively restrictive fiscal authorities must necessarily intervene to counteract deflationary pressures. The finance managers adopt their next steps "unconventional" to make them more effective monetary policy. However, the Great Recession is different from previous episodes of liquidity trap, including the lost decade in Japan, that the phenomenon of liquidity trap this time has a global dimension. The United States, UK and the other Euro countries are the countries most closely linked by trade and financial linkages that have experienced the largest slowdown in crisis, bringing their monetary authorities to fix the interest rate to the nearest zero.
According to famous Economist, the appearance of liquidity traps in a context where markets for goods, services and capital are integrated internationally gives a new dimension to the dilemma highlighted by the literature in finance International (also called "impossible trinity" or "impossible trinity"). The traditional interpretation of this phenomenon, a country cannot simultaneously ensure the opening of capital markets, fixed exchange rates and monetary policy autonomy. If achieved two goals, the third becomes unattainable. However, even if the exchange rate is flexible and fully opens capital markets, monetary policy loses its effectiveness in a liquidity trap. If the domestic economy is a powerful external shock depressing domestic demand, the zero lower bound is likely to constrain its own monetary policy. Financial markets play a key role in the spread of the phenomenon of liquidity trap a country to another.
The economic literature have suggested that the introduction of capital controls to reduce the risk that a country will suffer destabilizing capital inflows: inflows are indeed likely to fuel an unsustainable credit expansion, the formation of bubbles assets and excessive currency appreciation, especially in emerging countries. The introduction of capital controls makes monetary policy more effective in reducing the risk that the economy switches into a liquidity trap.