Fixed rate home equity loan – Important facts that you must not miss about this option

Guest Post Written By: Melissa Grace , Senior Editor,   Mortgagefit.com

Did you fall short of cash when you wanted to renovate your home or repay your high interest credit card debt? If you’re looking for a secured loan option that you can take resort to whenever you fall short of cash, taking out a fixed rate home equity loans may be considered. This is one of the most inexpensive ways of borrowing money and using it for various financial purposes. In the present market conditions, taking out a fixed rate home equity loan is perhaps the best way to guard you from sudden rise in the interest rates of personal loans. Since the credit downgrade, there have been predictions that the interest rate will rise on all personal loans and therefore, if you’ve accumulated enough equity in your home, you’re lucky enough in this market situation. Read on to know more on such loans.

What are fixed rate home equity loans?

This particular lending option is for the cash-strapped but house-rich people who want to repay their debt obligations without having to take out any unsecured loan. When you take out a mortgage loan and start repaying the loan, the amount that you pay back is the equity in your home, which is rather the amount that you owe on your home. There are two types of home equity loans, fixed rate loans and home equity lines of credit. The fixed rate loan is a single lump sum payment that is made to the borrower and repaid over a fixed period of time with an interest rate that is agreed-upon. The monthly payments and the interest rates will remain same throughout the term of the loan.

What are the benefits that the consumers may get by taking out home equity loans?

Home equity loans are an effortless way of getting access to immediate cash. You must be aware of the fact that the interest rates on the home equity loan are much higher than that of a first mortgage loan but when compared to that of the credit cards, they are much lower. If you have accrued a huge amount of debt on your credit cards, you can take out a home equity loan and consolidate all your high interest debts within the loan. The repayment term will be longer and you can also get tax-breaks on the interest rate that you pay on a home equity loan.

Are there any pitfalls of taking out home equity loans?

Well, as such there are no such pitfalls of using home equity loans for repaying your high interest debt or renovating your house, but the only important thing that you need to remember is to make timely payments on your loan. As your house will be used as collateral, you will require remaining very careful about defaulting on the loans as slight carelessness may lead to a foreclosure.

Therefore, if you’re someone who is in need of immediate cash and you’ve accumulated enough equity in your home, you can take out a fixed rate home equity loan. Make timely payments on the loans so that you forestall losing your home to a foreclosure.

Operational Risk Identification

This phase is to identify and structure the operational risks that ultimately will be presented in support of hazard mapping.

There are several approaches to achieve this result.

* Approach the process: it is made from the process mapping an inventory of the various operational risks associated with tasks that make up these processes. For this, an analysis is required on the inputs, the transformation process and outputs delivered to the end of each process.
* Approach the interview operational: this process allows questionnaires from pre-established list the operational risks identified by the business as those who actually or potentially affect their operations.

Whatever the approach used to identify risks, it should be complemented by a comparison with a benchmark sector wise operational risk.

The result of this work should be formalized in a holder who submits a mapping type of process risks.

The risk assessment
From the operational risks established, it should conduct an assessment of risks. For this, a definition of criteria for risk assessment should be performed to objectify the evaluation process.

Observation of practices established in this field identifies the following criteria:

* Severity: is the maximum impact of the exposure or potential exposure to risk situations. This is the concept of gross exposure.
* Detection / Management: This is the company's ability to identify and respond to risk events. This is the concept of risk management device.
* Occurrence: This is the probability of occurrence of risk situations. This is the concept of frequency of events. To determine this probability should identify incidents occurring over the period and form the basis of historical intervene in the decision process.

In summary, the assessment of operational risk should be against these criteria, completed the evaluation of residual risk for the net risk.

This evaluation process of operational risk should be integrated as a milestone and indispensable in the process of establishment of the life cycle of projects and products.

Risk Monitoring

This phase is the establishment of a monitoring and control of the risk profile of the company. It starts with the determination of the tolerable level of risk for the company. This tolerance is defined not only in terms of maximum risk but also in terms of risk atypical. Of course, the threshold defined by the company must be a regular challenge to ensure its relevance to the evolution of endogenous factors (trade policy, training ...) and exogenous (regulation, competition ...).

The monitoring device as defined by the company and driven by the risk management objectives are to:

* Increase the visibility of the risks;
* Better organize and improve processes;
* Preserve the results or business performance;
* Optimize the load management;
* Assign more effectively equity.

To achieve these objectives, the company has a network of "corresponding risk" in charge of a "portfolio risk" associated with the activities. This will be for this team:

* Implement the actions for the detection of risk (term limits ...)
* To analyze the causal factors of risk events (no audit clauses in contracts ...)
* Ensure the implementation of corrective actions and the definition of operational contingency plans (follow the recommendations ...).

To complement this, it is necessary to define indicators for the management of major risks that may be presented to all levels of the company (management, legislative and executive).

These sets of provisions are the minimum needed to ensure accountability, awareness and training of stakeholders on issues of risk.

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The Operational Risk Management

Despite the strengthening of regulations on risk management in recent years, the banking sector could not avoid. Subprime crisis, which by contagion has affected the rest of the economy, has highlighted the fragility of the various devices to control risks in force in the financial institutions, rating agencies and supervisors of financial markets. This weakness was also reflected in internal fraud which cost Society General 4.9 billion Euros.

It follows from these two major events the observation that the advent and implementation of new regulations do not allow companies to be fully exempt from risk factors to the origin of these losses. Indeed, recent actions by U.S. authorities to strengthen the financial sector by extending the powers of the Federal Reserve Bank and the European ideas and initiatives can only be effective if the various players take full ownership of their system risk management.

Appropriating the device operational risk management is putting in place a structured approach marked by a number of essential steps which include:

This is to define a framework that sets out the principles and rules of the potential risks have been shown to affect the company (benchmarks, risk governance committee ...). Indeed, the different activities and policies initiated by the company to expose operational risks can generate losses. These risks can be understood only with the establishment of a true corporate culture. The policy of operational risk management is the first step of this investment after the definition of its risk profile. It must be in perfect harmony with the various regulations, including Basel II, which involves the establishment of a regulatory monitoring for a regular update of this policy.

Finally the definition of a policy of operational risk management must be built in the same priority as commercial actions to prevent deterioration in the performance of the company.

Operational Efficiency Maximization

The search for sources of operational efficiency is generally only addressed through the analysis process. This approach is now well understood by operational staff. It also allows you to link to the Planning of IS which is also based on the description of the process.

This approach processes seek to identify redundancies, gaps, points of blocks. However, the search for sources of operational efficiency should also focus on service delivery to customers, whether operational or project: What are the services provided to date? What are the extensions of the scope that would significantly enhance service delivery and to benefit a greater number of actors (for example by integrating an operation today at the expense of clients)?

We also seek activities that have a characteristic position in relation to the concentrations of three assets:

* Information:
o dealer or a producer of information (focus information)
o interface or distributor of key information (broker positioning information)
* Means:
o holds a treatment capacity of computer or human (average concentration)
* Expertise:
o special expertise (concentration of expertise)


The presence of one of these assets is not enough to be a center of operational efficiency. However, from a couple of them, it will then be possible to change the activity to achieve a complete positioning. For example, concentrations are repositories of information. Develop the application infrastructure to manage this information and strengthen the expertise associated will then disseminate information on a larger scale and with better quality. This significantly raise the value added of the activity management repositories. This concentration of information and make changes to this perspective, therefore this activity subject to the establishment of a center of operational efficiency.

Another complementary approach is possible and easily accessible: mapping generic opportunities for sharing and industrialization will most frequently be used to initiate the search for sources of operational efficiency. This will be considered first and best practices in the sector and identify whether the existing organization is likely to reap the gains quickly.

The development of operational efficiency

The development of operational efficiency is a major concern of the major banking groups. This translates into at the moment through the consolidation of existing services in unique organizational entities in the Group. The aim is to reduce costs while improving the consistency, quality services and ultimately increase the operational efficiency of the entire organization.

However, the real centers of specialized operational efficiency (making the concentration of the three asset expertise, information and resources on a given field of activity) are not yet implemented only in a very ad hoc.
To develop such centers of operational efficiency, it is first necessary to identify relevant activities to concentrate in these clusters, so that they can then grow in terms of gains expertise, knowledge, productivity. Allowing them to have a real impact on the operational effectiveness of the Bank's medium term.



The establishment of centers of operational efficiency can significantly increase the operational efficiency of the entire Bank and facilitate response to the need for continuous development (see previous article in this blog). However, we must first identify the activities that could constitute sources of operational efficiency.

As we mentioned above, will be sought primarily in activities that allow centralization of three assets: information, expertise and resources. Joint ownership of these three assets pave the way for a wider range of services on the perimeter of activity. This offer will consist of both services 'operational' and services for projects. The problem is then to identify and evaluate the essential features of the future organization activities among distributed so far among multiple services or multiple entities.

Poles Of Operational Efficiency

Reduce the complexity of the development process: the poles of operational efficiency offer a range of services already in operation that are available to any entity by changing its processes. They are also available for personal service and dedicated to the support of development projects of other entities.
Increase and ensure quality of service: the service being delivered by a single entity, it will necessarily become generic, a common service level, so that gains of scale is generated. The range of services will be standardized at a level of quality and availability corresponding to the highest common denominator of user needs and guaranteed service agreements.
Reduce the overall cost of service delivery involved: the production cost of the service may be reduced by centralizing certain ways. However, changes will be especially noticeable in the final cost of use for each entity.
Increase the scope of use by allowing new entities to access the range of services: entities whose size did not develop these services in-house entities that had a similar service but with fewer resources and little adapted ...
Maintain the consistency and quality of information: the centralization of information management on a particular area will help to oversee the entire process of managing this information. It also allows perceiving the diversity of uses and coordinating accordingly.
Manage the evolution continues in a consistent manner on the different scope of responsibility of the poles: being at the heart of development projects and in contact with all clients on the perimeter, they are aware of the multiplicity of needs and include it in the trajectories of change in their activities.

Governance and Management of Operational Efficiency

To ensure consistency of objectives and day to day 
developments, it is necessary to develop a unique control of the entire work area operationally and in terms of its development (projects). Cells respond directly support the daily needs of internal customers will be directly attached to the same manager as the study of cell changes (service projects) and project management.
Besides coordination facilitated the centralization of information on operational activity will also provide indicators for monitoring the activity complete and advanced.
The establishment of centers contributing to the development of operational efficiency of the organization

The division of operational efficiency can significantly increase the operational efficiency of any Bank by reducing the complexity of the process, facilitating the evolution of organizations, reducing the overall cost of the activity level of service or greater .
This structure also facilitates the response to the need for continuous development [1], ensuring consistency in its scope, and contributing directly to facilitate the work of projects and developments of its clients through its dedicated service and expertise.

For the pole reaches these goals, it will first identify the activities conducive to a centralized asset value and define the services 'operational' and 'projects' to enlist the broader scope of users. The identification, definition, implementation and establishment of the trajectory of evolution of the cluster operational efficiency will require to use an approach to take into account all the dimensions (budget, governance, expertise, information, human resources, IT etc.

The Division of Operational Efficiency

The division of operational efficiency based on a concentration of three assets that are the information, expertise and resources. Only structures to achieve the concentration of these three assets are likely to be centers of operational efficiency in its own right.
Vis-à-vis the information, the division will have a role as manager, owner or clearing house (broker). It therefore has a good command of a large set of information and / or complex, which will provide added value to share with its customers.

Developing the Sources of Operational Efficiency

The establishment of centers of operational efficiency can significantly increase the operational efficiency of the entire Bank and facilitate response to the need for continuous development . However, we must first identify the activities that could constitute sources of operational efficiency. As we mentioned above, will be sought primarily in activities that allow centralization of three assets: information, expertise and resources. Joint ownership of these three assets pave the way for a wider range of services on the perimeter of activity. This offer will consist of both services 'operational' and services for projects.

The problem is then to identify and evaluate the essential features of the future organization activities among distributed so far among multiple services or multiple entities. The search for sources of operational efficiency is generally only addressed through the analysis process. This approach is now well understood by operational staff. It also allows you to link to the Planning of IS which is also based on the description of the process.

This approach processes seek to identify redundancies, gaps, points of blocks. However, the search for sources of operational efficiency should also focus on service delivery to customers, whether operational or project: What are the services provided to date? What are the extensions of the scope that would significantly enhance service delivery and to benefit a greater number of actors?

Objectives Of Operational Efficiency

The division of operational efficiency is also involved in coordinating and facilitating changes in the scope of activity which he is responsible.

* Operational mission: deliver in-house or external service
o Shared: used by all clients (which requires a sufficient level of both standardization and adaptability to customer needs)
o Quality: ensuring a high level of service,
o Integrated: consistent with the possible developments and other services (the same principles or standards, consistency of information ...).
* Strategic Missions: alignment with corporate goals
o In terms of scope of activity: both operational manager of the service and project management strategy on the field, defining the principles and standards of practice and evolution,
o In terms of process, users of these services: the service of development projects for the integration of services,
o Financial issues: cost reduction in service level or above.

The establishment of centers of operational efficiency should facilitate changes by developing the flexibility of the organization. This distinguishes them from the pooling of services that do not necessarily generate earnings in excess of centralization of the means.
In terms of implementation, the creation of a center of operational efficiency is not in the pooling of existing services but rather to develop an internal provider with a service offering clean.
Key features of the poles of operational efficiency

To effectively perform its duties, the division of operational efficiency will:

* Involve activities for which it is actually possible to concentrate three types of assets: the expertise, resources and information,
* Be resolutely turned towards the customers either returning customers or projects of development,
* Be provided with a governance and management processes adapted.

Organizational Challenges

In today's competitive (aggressive competition in the credit rates, price competition in the online banking ...), research to optimize the margin does not tolerate weakness in the quality of service provided to customers and time control of operations with these clients. This requires change in the existing organizations to increase efficiency in resource constants.

At the strategic level, the connections between stakeholders require when they occur to review fully the organization of internal functions become redundant or competing. Moreover, the conduct of political expansion (purchase of subsidiaries abroad, in particular) need to be integrates in various kinds of institutions (specialized activities but varied regional specificities ...) quickly and efficiently. The goal is then to integrate these institutions spun in standardized processes of the Group (in order to master the complexity of management) while making them benefit in return, services and assets that will support their development (discharge of certain activities centralized management, benefit sharing relating to the purchasing capacity of the Group, providing resources such as infrastructure group ... SI).

To meet the regulatory requirements (Basel II, MiFID ...), projects involving many entities set up new processes intended for the management and regulatory bodies.

These developments guided by the strategy or imposed by the regulatory and competitive environment combine to create a situation of permanent change of internal organizations. This is reflected by the increase in the frequency of reorganizations, the constantly changing service delivery entities, changes in scope of responsibility ... information systems must then accompany this change permanent, which generates significant expense. In addition, some priority changes (particularly regulatory) limit the possibilities of devices in parallel developments. Indeed, they are faced with schedules that do not always maintain a path for the information system progressive and consistent.

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Supply Chain Finance Part. IV

The potential improvements in the development of CFS are:

    * Improve the traceability of transactions (orders, invoices, making payments, cash) to the sender as the recipient.
    * Avoid litigation and the costs associated with their management.
    * Generate working capital through better management of financial flows. For this, banks need to adapt their offerings to the new needs expressed by client companies.
    * Benefit from the discount offered by suppliers in case of cash payment, without degrading its financial position since fiscal third rule for the acquiring company (reverse factoring)
    * Retain the most important suppliers
    * Increase the capacity to purchase the acquiring company

The other advantage of the SCF:
Long control of the supply chain was seen as a logistical necessity rather than as a real competitive advantage, however, the globalization of the economy no longer allows this way of thinking because it is cost savings to all levels to be able to offer the best prices. Control of financial flows is now the last piece of the savings. Therefore, enterprise customers are now very interested in the ability of their suppliers or customers to integrate into a process of "modernization" of tools related to accounting and finance offers available from financial institutions. Control its cash flow enables a company to offer customers efficient service and achieve economies together. It seems that the implementation of management solutions for financial information is involved, to some extent to meet the needs of business partners and thus contribute to their loyalty. However, in some areas as high technology, supply chain based on key players, specialized suppliers and rare it is imperative to retain.

The CFS will ensure the smooth flow of information related to financial flows and thus contributes to the flexibility of the entire chain by addressing the shortcomings of funding or access to financial information. Continue to operate from the old ways is contrary to the current economy and what it requires companies in terms of efficiency. Thus, it should be put in place systems to access information yesterday fragmented as companies seek to ensure unity became a key factor of success.
In short, it is called today to find solutions that integrate all the information (physical flows, information flows and financial flows) so that they can be exploited best by all participants in the chain supply and their financiers.
It is therefore not surprising that the recent emergence of offers of "Supply Chain Finance officials" within recruitment agencies

Supply Chain Finance Part. III

The implementation of this portal thus has the advantage of reducing costs through paperless transactions, track and archive centrally each exchange and control of customer disputes. This progress is in itself help much appreciated by the companies that allows them to save time previously spent on resolving issues sterile.
The innovation lies in the fact that one third may have financial access to this platform. It is then able to offer (so early) offers funding to the various players in the supply chain (discount ...).
Everyone wins: the financial institution sells its finance offers closer to the needs of its clients, customers more effectively manage their need for working capital (BFR) and supply chain pressures subside.

When asked the 500 largest European companies on working capital financing techniques that seem to grow strongly in the near future (study Demica - December 2006), loans by the banking pool and the financing of the supply chain (reverse factoring) top.

CGA of Societe Generale Group, Eurofactor, IFN (...) are some of the players with offers of "reverse factoring" to their customers. The principle is simple, a financial intermediary pays the bill to the supplier on the day of issue which in return allows the acquiring company to benefit from an extension (the broker earns a margin on this).
It should be noted that in Italy, some companies have created their own company credit and factoring without going through financial institutions.

The CFS is not exactly new, serious consideration is that since the early 2000s leading to innovations both from UPS or DHL (billing management, collection, delivery against payment) that Banks have realized, with some delay, the need to provide their customers with offers to alleviate existing pressures on the financing of the Supply Chain.

Supply Chain Finance Part. II

The sectors concerned are mainly industrial sectors: pharmaceutical companies, automotive and high technology are particularly interested in the subject because they are highly dependent on suppliers irreplaceable.

Search for a win-win solution: Supply Chain Finance is the answer to a tense situation between suppliers and buyers

MEPs adjust taxation of real estate gains

MEPs adopted the amendment proposed by Gilles Carrez (UMP, Val de Marne), as amended, by the government, which is developing the new tax regime for real estate gains. He recovers, according to the general reporter the owners selling a principal residence and tenants selling their principal residence for the first time a property.

The amendment exempts from taxation of capital gains to the first transfer of a dwelling that is not a principal residence where the vendor is tenant's principal residence, as was the case before the 2004 reform. It aims in particular, according to Mr. Carr, to avoid the criminalization of young households, the Paris region or in dense urban areas, can not afford their homes because of the explosion in property prices.

Officials face unequal "one of two"

Staffing, the state officials are far from being housed in the same boat. A Defence and the Ministry of Agriculture, the rate of non-replacement of retiring workers should reach 79% and 73% in 2012. It would be only 31% for culture and bordered by an average 55%, the highest rate ever considered since 2008.

This is reflected in the general report of Gilles Carrez (UMP, Val de Marne) on the draft budget law for 2012. "The effort required to national education should be further emphasized: with 14,000 FTE (full time equivalent) less in 2012, after 16 000 FTE under the initial budget act for 2011, this ministry reaches The objective of non-replacement of an officer retiring on two "set by President Nicolas Sarkozy, to observe the general rapporteur.

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Supply Chain Finance Part.I

Effectively manage its cash flows are a necessity for the enterprise and supply chain comes from low mode "Finance". Suppliers and buyers, customers and banks are willing to embrace this new trend. Born in the United States and adopted by a U.S. economy again precursor.

"The battle to dominate the market will not be a battle of the enterprises, but supply chains" Professor Hau Lee, Stanford. Historically, the competitive advantages of controlling the supply chain has always been underestimated, companies led a fierce battle on products or services, not on processes. This vision has since been questioned, particularly in a context of economic globalization. After improving the physical flows and information, announces itself with a new phase control of financial flows.

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Financial Services Outsourcing Part.IV

In this sector, the European countries was the precursors, and the Asian countries still seem reluctant to take the plunge. AXA only broke the taboo by relocating administrative jobs in Morocco in 2006.

Financial Services Outsourcing Part.III

Finally, the system off shoring is a victim of its success and begins to become engorged: due to the increase in demand for skilled labor, it becomes difficult to find in some countries. In India, for example, the cost increases very rapidly (over 10% per year), and is accompanied by a high turnover rate. This phenomenon is even more expensive than pure wage increase; add an additional cost of human resources management (recruitment, retention, procurement, training etc.). And of course the additional loss of quality will be a resulting one.

Therefore, the experiences of off shoring have not all were successful: once all the parameters taken into account, the cost may be higher than before. Thus, there have been a few years back for some activities. This is what we call the back shoring. Companies repatriate their services or redeem and (re) internalize their local subcontractors to better control activities.

If the financial services sector was not among the first affected by the relocation, it is nevertheless one of the sectors with the greatest potential for relocation because of the importance of back office tasks. Indeed, these positions without customer relations, and often with little added value, are ideal candidates for relocation. And an OECD report respectively class insurance and financial services such as 2nd and 3rd sectors with the highest rate of jobs relocated behind the computer.

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Financial Services Outsourcing Part.II

However, gains arising must of course deduct the additional costs. The first item, identified long ago, is the loss of productivity that is usually relocation. The causes are, among others, a less skilled workforce, the distance of the speakers (producing a greater cost control) and cultural differences. While most of the time, lost productivity is largely compensated by the difference in the cost of labor, other elements may be medium to long term much more consistent and ultimately tip the balance of other side. First, outsourcing often leads to a decline in quality: lack of communication between services, insufficient command of the language, etc.. For example, call centers outsourced most of the time lead to deterioration in customer relations. In addition, the company's image in Western countries may also suffer from outsourcing because it remains a sensitive issue.

In addition, offshore investments are expensive and sometimes underestimated: logistics, communications infrastructure performance, and training not only technical but also cultural to work together both people and especially the reorganization to lead the company. This last point varies greatly depending on the sector and the business relocated. If the offshoring of IT activities or call centers is now pretty well under control, it is still far from mature for most business processes. Not only are more complex processes, but their relocation requires deeper transformations in the organization (thus more expensive), and the creation of new jobs to manage this mode of operation.

Financial Services Outsourcing Part.I

If relocation of activities in emerging countries where labor is cheaper, is a very publicized at this time, it does not, however, a new phenomenon. Off shoring is a long-standing practice. Initiated by the industry in 80 years, this practice was subsequently applied in computing the 90, then return to the call centers recently. Today, off shoring is a major trend affecting many sectors, just as in the Americas and European level. However, behind this movement there is apparently unique practices varied (off shoring, outsourcing, etc.), and mixed results.

First, we must distinguish between off shoring and outsourcing. An activity can be relocated to a distant destination (eg in Asia) is off shoring, to a nearby country (in Eastern Europe and the Maghreb in particular), it is called near shore, or even the same country in the provinces, a practice known as on shoring. In addition, relocation may occur with or without outsourcing. Indeed, the business relocated can be produced by a vendor (external) or within a group entity.

Besides the difference in the cost of labor, constituting the main benefit of course, other drivers may also encourage the off shoring: a higher flexibility and a better quality of service that can run up through 24/24 sites on different time zones, and less state intervention, or a position in new countries promoting local development or purchase of a local company.

China lending outside the banking sector under control

While loans in China outside the banking sector have increased in recent months - investors shunning banks - the chairman of the Banking Regulatory Commission (CBRC), said Liu Mingkang the risks associated with such loans remained "manageable". History of secure markets or otherwise attempt to limit such practices as implying they could be riskier than it seems?

Remember, Chinese banks have been submitted last year to restrictions on the volume of new loans. In early September, the rating agency Fitch said it could lower the sovereign rating of China in the next two years. Reasons: the heavy debts of the Chinese banking sector, the latter having provided massive loans in recent months.

But outside the banking sector, all is not rosy: credits "parallel" have indeed conduits some borrowers into bankruptcy, particularly in the area of Wenzhou (East), which has about 400,000 companies. In recent months, more than 90 patrons fled the city in debt and two suicides were to be deplored the dead who are forced to face repayments to their creditors. Analysts said at the national level, the informal credit sector would weigh 4,000 billion Yuan (454 billion), about 8% of outstanding bank loans.

In early July, the rating agency Moody's had indicated that for its public debt in China amounted to 36% of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP), taking into account the share of the debts of local governments for which Beijing assume direct responsibility. A few days earlier, the National Audit Office indicated that the debts of the provinces, municipalities and districts in China amounted to 27% end of 2010 China's GDP, representing a total of 1.163 trillion Euros. The same office was, however, insisted that 63% of this debt would be repaid through revenue budget.

But some of these claims, considered doubtful threaten the banking system so that the Credit Suisse sees the same "time bomb" the most dangerous of the Chinese economy. Much less "alarmist" shall we say politely, the Chinese government estimates for its public debt to about 20% of GDP. But it does not include in its calculation the financial elements of local governments, which are however not allowed to borrow directly.

Now where the rub is that they have borrowed huge amounts from the global financial crisis, via means of ad hoc structures called "financing platforms" or PFL. But according to the National Audit Office, the "ability to pay is low and faces potential risks in some areas and in certain industries." Indeed, in a snowball effect, some local governments have had to make new loans ... to repay debts previously contracted, also depends heavily on land sales to meet their deadlines. According to the auditors of governments of China, 108.3 billion Yuan (11.8 billion) of loans were made or used fraudulently, the money ends up in Banks real estate or stock markets.
A bit worried, Moody's said in turn that the Chinese banks lent 8,500 billion Yuan (905 billion) from a total of 10'700 billion Yuan (1.163 trillion Euros) to local governments ... a situation that causes a high risk exposure. "These debts existed before the global financial crisis, but they quickly accumulated over the past two years while investment by local governments has been used as one of the main tools" to revive the economy, adds Moody's.

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EU companies in search of the Euribor

While the debt crisis in full swing and the European Union - or at least the euro area - appears to be on the verge of bankruptcy, the European Commission tries to make the household among the speculators and "arrangements between friends." The current situation also appears to arise largely from certain financial transactions that some would not Catholic. The European Commission said Wednesday it had raided the eve of the financial companies’ active in derivatives on the benchmark inter-bank euro (Euribor). This indeed suspects that a cartel has been established.

"The Commission is concerned that the companies concerned were able to violate the antitrust rules that prohibit cartels and restrictive business practices," the Commission said in a statement ... without naming the main question. The Commission does not specify whether the inspections were carried out on its own initiative or upon the termination of the cartel by one of its participants.

Recall that the Euribor is, for a given maturity, the fixing calculated each business day at 11am French time, published by the Banking Federation of the European Union (FBE), an average rate at which a sample of 57 large banks established in Europe lend in white (that is to say that without the loan is pledged by securities) to other banks.

Following the release of the Commission, Euribor-EBF was ready to share its data with the authorities.
Cedric Quemeneur, director of Euribor-EBF, institution that compiles the interbank rate also reported apartheid 'confidence in the management of the Euribor. ""With the number of banks that are involved in determining the rate, determine the rate artificially would be impossible. I think the Commission is not familiar with how the reference rates are determined. We are ready to help, "he told Reuters.

According to sources familiar with the matter based in Frankfurt, the offices of Deutsche Bank in London would be part of institutions searched by investigators from the European Commission.

Potential for promoters and brands in co branded Credit cards Part.III

Then, the positioning of retail banking networks will play a key role in the organization of the market around these cards, to date, it remains to be determined. By partnering with offers co-branded, they risk a drop in sales of traditional credit cards, implying a de facto decrease in revenues related to contributions (the co-branded cards being offered at a price much lower). In contrast, waive offer these products may cause a loss of market share when demand for co-branded cards for the benefit of credit card companies 'captive' (subsidiaries of the distribution, automotive ...) or new entrants. The tactics seem to apply the major banking groups is to rely on their own subsidiaries consumer credit to play the complementary offers, while reducing the risk of cannibalization ...

Finally, a technical constraint - but significant - just reduce the potential of these credit cards. The choice of "cash payment" or "credit payment" in cash is not possible outside the network of retail partners, including the lack of standardization of EMV terminals.

This uncertainty is reinforced by the lack of feedback potential. Indeed, the very special place of the bank card in France compared to our European neighbors (almost all of the park to the EMV standard, high number of transactions, psychological ...) renders inconclusive any analogies with the co- branding practiced by our European neighbors. Under these conditions, the first move will engage in enhanced listening market reactions. For their part, the traditional players in the market for payment card will now have to think to optimize their organization in the event of a redeployment of their strategy for success of co-branding.

On a broader front, it is an additional axis to be included in the reconfiguration strategies means of payment that must implement the banks to adapt to new regulatory requirements (SEPA, PSD) and market developments (innovative means of payment for retail, process for STP of corporate cash management ...)

Potential for promoters and brands in co branded Credit cards Part.II

The co-branded cards allow, a technical point of view, to combine:

    * The functions of a card "private" (when used one mode "on us", that is to say in a shopping partners). It opens all the specific services: credit, loyalty ...
    * The functions of a card "banking" (when used on mode "on them", that is to say, outside partner stores). It can then pay for purchases at any merchant equipped with an electronic payment terminal (EPT) or remove hope in vending machines (ATMs).

This device should allow going further in terms of loyalty. Besides disseminating the image of the brand with every new spending set by the wearer, the method allows to increase the accumulation provisions of points and possibly create a new need among customers not yet equipped cards.

More discrete, the arrival of co-branding will also allow retailers to renegotiate rates and commission charged plates with company’s consumer credit outstanding that manage card or to change partners.

Uncertain scope

Many uncertainties remain about the success of this system:

First, the process of replacing a store card with a Visa or MasterCard co-branded (or the systematic use of it if replacement is required by the sign) does not always value added significantly to the holders. This determination should be largely influenced by the potential affinity with the brand or the provision of fringe benefits.

This trend may be in favor of high-potential brands identification of dream or ostentatious (luxury, automobile, travel ...) but less favorable to the everyday consumer brands (supermarkets, health, fast food ...) they may have to pay more benefits to customers will finally convince a "subprime" (involving an increase in the cost and risk is a decline in the commission of the sign by the company credit ...)